{"id":2866,"date":"2024-06-30T17:14:44","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T15:14:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/e-czasopismo\/nr-1\/2205-2\/"},"modified":"2024-07-03T16:26:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T14:26:28","slug":"putins-passportization-gambit-investigating-the-logic-behind-russias-en-masse-naturalization-of-foreign-citizens","status":"publish","type":"e-czasopismo","link":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/e-czasopismo\/nr-1\/putins-passportization-gambit-investigating-the-logic-behind-russias-en-masse-naturalization-of-foreign-citizens\/","title":{"rendered":"Putin\u2019s Passportization Gambit: Investigating the logic behind Russia\u2019s en masse naturalization of foreign citizens"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In an annual State of the Nation address in 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the collapse of the USSR \u201cthe greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century.\u201d25 Since then, he seems to have figured out a \u2018new\u2019 and \u2018cunning\u2019 way to put the humpty<br>dumpty together again. With a new and brilliant trick up his sleeve \u2013 passportization, his expansionist tendencies towards his neighbors have started to come to light. This article attempts to explain this new ploy and the problems it causes to the post-Soviet<br>states and the international community as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bescotti W. et al., Passportization: Russia\u2019s \u201chumanitarian\u201d tool for foreign policy, extra-territorial governance, and military intervention, Global Citizenship Observatory, 25 March 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/globalcit.eu\/passportization-russias-humanitarian-tool-for-foreign-policy-extra-territorial-governance-and-military-intervention\/\">https:\/\/globalcit.eu\/passportization-russias-humanitarian-tool-for-foreign-policy-extra-territorial-governance-and-military-intervention\/<\/a> [accessed: 22.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Bescotti W. et al., Passportization: Russia\u2019s \u201chumanitarian\u201d tool for foreign policy, extra-territorial governance, and military intervention, Global Citizenship Observatory, 25 March 2022, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/globalcit.eu\/passportization-russias-humanitarian-tool-for-foreign-policy-extra-territorial-governance-and-military-intervention\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/globalcit.eu\/passportization-russias-humanitarian-tool-for-foreign-policy-extra-territorial-governance-and-military-intervention\/<\/a&gt; [accessed: 22.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brewis T., Turning Ukrainians into Russians, Romanians into Hungarians and Italians into Austrians: The Spread of Passportization across Europe, University Consortium, <a href=\"https:\/\/uc.web.ox.ac.uk\/article\/turning-ukrainians-into-russians-romanians-into-hungarians-and-italians-into-austrians-the-s\">https:\/\/uc.web.ox.ac.uk\/article\/turning-ukrainians-into-russians-romanians-into-hungarians-and-italians-into-austrians-the-s<\/a> [accessed: 21.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Brewis T., Turning Ukrainians into Russians, Romanians into Hungarians and Italians into Austrians: The Spread of Passportization across Europe, University Consortium, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/uc.web.ox.ac.uk\/article\/turning-ukrainians-into-russians-romanians-into-hungarians-and-italians-into-austrians-the-s&quot;&gt;https:\/\/uc.web.ox.ac.uk\/article\/turning-ukrainians-into-russians-romanians-into-hungarians-and-italians-into-austrians-the-s<\/a&gt; [accessed: 21.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Burkhardt F., et al, What Makes a Citizen? Russia\u2019s Passportization of the Donbas, \u201cRussian Analytical Digest (RAD)\u201d 277, 23 February 2022, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Burkhardt F., et al, What Makes a Citizen? Russia\u2019s Passportization of the Donbas, \u201cRussian Analytical Digest (RAD)\u201d 277, 23 February 2022, DOI: <a href=&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/<\/a&gt;%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forced Passportization in Russia-Occupied Areas of Ukraine. A Conflict Obervatory Report, Yale School of Public Health (Humanitarian Research Lab), 02 August 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/hub.conflictobservatory.org\/portal\/sharing\/rest\/content\/items\/afec-496c29b94ff694297d4780594948\/data\">https:\/\/hub.conflictobservatory.org\/portal\/sharing\/rest\/content\/items\/afec-496c29b94ff694297d4780594948\/data<\/a> [accessed: 23.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Forced Passportization in Russia-Occupied Areas of Ukraine. A Conflict Obervatory Report, Yale School of Public Health (Humanitarian Research Lab), 02 August 2023, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/hub.conflictobservatory.org\/portal\/sharing\/rest\/content\/items\/afec-496c29b94ff694297d4780594948\/data&quot;&gt;https:\/\/hub.conflictobservatory.org\/portal\/sharing\/rest\/content\/items\/afec-496c29b94ff694297d4780594948\/data<\/a&gt; [accessed: 23.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf<\/a> [accessed: 28.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf<\/a&gt; [accessed: 28.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fremer I., Ukraine: Draft Law Introducing Criminal Liability for Forced Russian \u2018Passportization\u2019 in Temporarily Occupied Territories Approved, Library of Congress, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2022-09-28\/ukraine-draft-law-introducing-criminal-liability-for-forced-russian-passportization-in-temporarily-occupied-territories-approved\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2022-09-28\/ukraine-draft-law-introducing-criminal-liability-for-forced-russian-passportization-in-temporarily-occupied-territories-approved\/<\/a> [accessed: 27.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Fremer I., Ukraine: Draft Law Introducing Criminal Liability for Forced Russian \u2018Passportization\u2019 in Temporarily Occupied Territories Approved, Library of Congress, 2022, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2022-09-28\/ukraine-draft-law-introducing-criminal-liability-for-forced-russian-passportization-in-temporarily-occupied-territories-approved\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2022-09-28\/ukraine-draft-law-introducing-criminal-liability-for-forced-russian-passportization-in-temporarily-occupied-territories-approved\/<\/a&gt; [accessed: 27.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gabbat M., Passportization (Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia), Global Informality Project, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.in-formality.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Passportization_(Ukraine,_Moldova,_and_Georgia)\">https:\/\/www.in-formality.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Passportization_(Ukraine,_Moldova,_and_Georgia)<\/a> [accessed: 27.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Gabbat M., Passportization (Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia), Global Informality Project, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.in-formality.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Passportization_(Ukraine,_Moldova,_and_Georgia)&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.in-formality.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Passportization_(Ukraine,_Moldova,_and_Georgia)<\/a&gt; [accessed: 27.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gill T. D., Remarks on the Law Relating to the Use of Force in the Ukraine Conflict, Liber Institute West Point, 9 March 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/lieber.westpoint.edu\/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict\/\">https:\/\/lieber.westpoint.edu\/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict\/<\/a> [accessed: 15.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Gill T. D., Remarks on the Law Relating to the Use of Force in the Ukraine Conflict, Liber Institute West Point, 9 March 2022, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/lieber.westpoint.edu\/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/lieber.westpoint.edu\/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict\/<\/a&gt; [accessed: 15.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Green J. A., The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportization and the Protection of Nationals Revisited (Editorial Comment), <a href=\"https:\/\/uwe-repository.worktribe.com\/preview\/7615450\/1.2%20Green%20%28Editorial%20Comment%20-%20The%20Annexation%20of%20Crimea%20-%20Russia_%20Passportization%20and%20the%20Protection%20of%20Nationals%20Revisited%29%20%281%29.pdf\">https:\/\/uwe-repository.worktribe.com\/preview\/7615450\/1.2%20Green%20%28Editorial%20Comment%20-%20The%20Annexation%20of%20Crimea%20-%20Russia_%20Passportization%20and%20the%20Protection%20of%20Nationals%20Revisited%29%20%281%29.pdf<\/a> [accessed: 20.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Green J. A., The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportization and the Protection of Nationals Revisited (Editorial Comment), <a href=&quot;https:\/\/uwe-repository.worktribe.com\/preview\/7615450\/1.2%20Green%20%28Editorial%20Comment%20-%20The%20Annexation%20of%20Crimea%20-%20Russia_%20Passportization%20and%20the%20Protection%20of%20Nationals%20Revisited%29%20%281%29.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/uwe-repository.worktribe.com\/preview\/7615450\/1.2%20Green%20%28Editorial%20Comment%20-%20The%20Annexation%20of%20Crimea%20-%20Russia_%20Passportization%20and%20the%20Protection%20of%20Nationals%20Revisited%29%20%281%29.pdf<\/a&gt; [accessed: 20.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Henckaerts J.-M. &amp; Doswald-Beck L., Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2005, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261<\/a> [accessed: 1 March 2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Henckaerts J.-M. &amp; Doswald-Beck L., Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2005, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261<\/a&gt; [accessed: 1 March 2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hyde L., Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports, \u201cPolitico\u201d 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft\/\">https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft\/<\/a> [accessed: 25.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Hyde L., Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports, \u201cPolitico\u201d 2023, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft\/<\/a&gt; [accessed: 25.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iovu A., The role of the West in countering Russian Passportization in the Black Sea, Middle East Institute, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/role-west-countering-russian-passportization-black-sea\">https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/role-west-countering-russian-passportization-black-sea<\/a> [accessed: 1.03.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Iovu A., The role of the West in countering Russian Passportization in the Black Sea, Middle East Institute, 2020, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/role-west-countering-russian-passportization-black-sea&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/role-west-countering-russian-passportization-black-sea<\/a&gt; [accessed: 1.03.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kotyashko A. et al., Normative resistance to responsibility to protect in times of emerging multipolarity: the cases of Brazil and Russia, \u201cRevista Brasileira De Pol\u00edtica Internacional\u201d 2018, 61(1), e001, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0034-7329201800101\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0034-7329201800101<\/a> [accessed: <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Kotyashko A. et al., Normative resistance to responsibility to protect in times of emerging multipolarity: the cases of Brazil and Russia, \u201cRevista Brasileira De Pol\u00edtica Internacional\u201d 2018, 61(1), e001, DOI: <a href=&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0034-7329201800101&quot;&gt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0034-7329201800101<\/a&gt; [accessed:%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%2202.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nabenzia V. A., Brief delivered by a Member of The Russian Federation at the 8516th meeting of The UN Securrity Council (Thursday, 25 April 2019, 3 p.m., New York), Verbatim Record, UN Doc S\/PV.8516. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Nabenzia V. A., Brief delivered by a Member of The Russian Federation at the 8516th meeting of The UN Securrity Council (Thursday, 25 April 2019, 3 p.m., New York), Verbatim Record, UN Doc S\/PV.8516.%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peters A., Passportisation: Risks for international law and stability \u2013 Part 1, EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 9 May 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one\/\">https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one\/<\/a> [accessed: 19.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Peters A., Passportisation: Risks for international law and stability \u2013 Part 1, EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 9 May 2019, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one\/<\/a&gt; [accessed: 19.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second International Peace Conference, The Hague, Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, International Conferences (The Hague), 18 October 1907, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/agreements\/hague\/1907\/en\/31788\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/agreements\/hague\/1907\/en\/31788<\/a> [accessed: 24.02.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Second International Peace Conference, The Hague, Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, International Conferences (The Hague), 18 October 1907, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/agreements\/hague\/1907\/en\/31788&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/agreements\/hague\/1907\/en\/31788<\/a&gt; [accessed: 24.02.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Speech by Foreign Minister Rados\u0142aw Sikorski at the Atlantic Council, February 26th, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/diplomacy\/speech-by-foreign-minister-radoslaw-sikorski-at-the-atlantic-council-washington-dc\">https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/diplomacy\/speech-by-foreign-minister-radoslaw-sikorski-at-the-atlantic-council-washington-dc<\/a> [accessed: 02.03.2024]. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Speech by Foreign Minister Rados\u0142aw Sikorski at the Atlantic Council, February 26th, 2024, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/diplomacy\/speech-by-foreign-minister-radoslaw-sikorski-at-the-atlantic-council-washington-dc&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/diplomacy\/speech-by-foreign-minister-radoslaw-sikorski-at-the-atlantic-council-washington-dc<\/a&gt; [accessed: 02.03.2024].%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statement of the MFA of Ukraine on the issuance of Russian passports to citizens of Ukraine in the temporarily occupied territories, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/poland.mfa.gov.ua\/pl\/\">https:\/\/poland.mfa.gov.ua\/pl\/<\/a> news\/statement-mfa-ukraine-issuance-russian-passports-citizens-ukraine-temporarily-occupied-territories [accessed: 27.02.2024] <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=%22Statement of the MFA of Ukraine on the issuance of Russian passports to citizens of Ukraine in the temporarily occupied territories, 2022, <a href=&quot;https:\/\/poland.mfa.gov.ua\/pl\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/poland.mfa.gov.ua\/pl\/<\/a&gt; news\/statement-mfa-ukraine-issuance-russian-passports-citizens-ukraine-temporarily-occupied-territories [accessed: 27.02.2024]%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Google Scholar]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":2791,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[18],"class_list":["post-2866","e-czasopismo","type-e-czasopismo","status-publish","hentry","category-artykul-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/e-czasopismo\/2866"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/e-czasopismo"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/e-czasopismo"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/e-czasopismo\/2791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2866"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ewspa.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2866"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}